Women’s hormonal health plays an important role in menstrual regularity, fertility, metabolism and overall well-being. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal and metabolic condition that can affect women during their reproductive years. In 2026, the international guideline initiative led by Monash University announced a change in terminology to polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS). Healthcare professionals and publishers should follow the latest authoritative guidance while helping readers understand the familiar term PCOS.
What Are PCOS and PMOS?
PCOS is a complex condition associated with hormonal changes, ovulatory dysfunction and, in some individuals, metabolic health concerns. The updated term PMOS aims to reflect the broader features of the condition rather than focusing only on the appearance of the ovaries.
Terminology may evolve as scientific understanding develops. Women who have previously received a PCOS diagnosis should discuss any questions about the updated name with their healthcare professional. A change in terminology does not mean that a person must independently change their treatment plan.
Common Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms can differ considerably from one person to another. Some women experience several symptoms, while others may have only a few.
Common features can include:
Irregular menstrual cycles or infrequent periods.
Acne or oily skin.
Excess facial or body hair.
Thinning hair on the scalp.
Difficulty with ovulation or becoming pregnant.
Metabolic concerns, including insulin resistance in some individuals.
Emotional distress, anxiety or concerns about body image.
These symptoms can also occur for other reasons. Their presence alone does not confirm a diagnosis.
How Is the Condition Diagnosed?
Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical assessment. Depending on the individual’s age, symptoms and medical history, a healthcare professional may assess menstrual patterns, signs of androgen excess, relevant laboratory results and, when appropriate, ovarian morphology.
Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms may need to be excluded.
An ultrasound scan is not necessary for every person being assessed. In certain adult diagnostic pathways, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) may be used as an alternative to ultrasound for defining polycystic ovarian morphology. However, AMH should not be used as a standalone test to diagnose the condition.
Self-diagnosis based on symptoms, online questionnaires or a single laboratory result is not recommended.
PCOS/PMOS and Metabolic Health
Some individuals with this condition have an increased risk of metabolic concerns, including impaired glucose regulation and other cardiovascular risk factors. The level of risk varies, so assessment should be personalized.
A healthcare professional may recommend appropriate screening based on personal and family history, symptoms and other clinical factors. Follow-up can help identify concerns early and guide suitable care.
Fertility and Reproductive Health
Ovulation may occur irregularly in people with PCOS/PMOS, which can make conception more difficult for some women. However, the condition does not automatically mean infertility.
For women who wish to become pregnant, a clinician can assess ovulation and other relevant fertility factors and discuss suitable options. Treatment decisions should consider individual circumstances, preferences and overall health.
Women who are not planning pregnancy can also benefit from assessment and management of menstrual symptoms, skin concerns and metabolic health.
Lifestyle and Long-Term Well-Being
There is no single lifestyle plan that works best for everyone. A sustainable approach may include:
Eating a balanced diet with adequate protein, vegetables, whole grains and fibre.
Participating in physical activity suited to individual abilities and preferences.
Maintaining regular sleep habits.
Seeking support for stress, anxiety or emotional concerns.
Attending recommended follow-up appointments.
Weight should not be used as the sole measure of health or treatment success. Care should be respectful, individualized and free from weight-related stigma.
When Should You Consult a Healthcare Professional?
Consider seeking medical advice if you experience persistent irregular periods, new or worsening excess hair growth, significant hair thinning, difficulty conceiving or other symptoms that concern you. Sudden or rapidly progressing symptoms deserve prompt assessment.
A qualified healthcare professional can help determine the cause of symptoms and discuss appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Conclusion
PCOS, now referred to as PMOS in the updated international guideline terminology, involves more than ovarian appearance alone. Understanding its hormonal, reproductive, metabolic and emotional aspects can support informed conversations and individualized care.
Accurate information, appropriate assessment and regular follow-up can help women make decisions that suit their health needs.
References and Further Reading
Monash University, International Evidence-Based Guideline:
https://www.monash.edu/medicine/mchri/pcos/guideline/2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline — full text:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10477934/PubMed — International guideline publication:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580314/
Medical Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for individual guidance.